Bacalah teks berikut untuk... - Soal UTBK No.138

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138.
Bacalah teks berikut untuk menjawab soal nomor 136 sampai 140!
The Box That Changed Trade
Before the 1950s, loading a cargo ship was slow and expensive. Goods arrived at ports in sacks, barrels, and crates of every size, and teams of dockworkers carried them aboard piece by piece. A ship could spend nearly as much time tied up in port as it did at sea, and theft was common.
In 1956, a trucking entrepreneur named Malcom McLean sent a converted tanker, the Ideal X, from New Jersey to Texas carrying 58 metal boxes that could be lifted directly from truck trailers onto the ship. The idea was simple, but its effects were not. Standardized containers could be moved between ships, trains, and trucks without being opened, which cut loading costs dramatically and made long supply chains possible.
The change was not welcomed everywhere. Dockworkers saw their jobs disappear, and many older ports, built for loose cargo and squeezed by city streets, lost business to new container terminals with room for giant cranes and storage yards. Today, almost all manufactured goods that cross oceans travel in containers, yet the box itself rarely receives credit for reshaping the global economy.
According to the passage, many older ports lost business mainly because they...

charged higher wages to the dockworkers who loaded the cargo ships

were damaged by the heavy trucks that carried the new containers

refused to handle goods that arrived in sacks, barrels, and crates

were located too far from the factories that produced manufactured goods

lacked room for the cranes and storage yards that containers required

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