Bacalah teks berikut untuk... - Soal UTBK No.139

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139.
Bacalah teks berikut untuk menjawab soal nomor 136 sampai 140!
Why Projects Take Longer Than Planned
Ask a student how long an essay will take and the answer is usually shorter than the time it eventually requires. Psychologists call this habit the planning fallacy. People imagine the smooth path from start to finish and forget the interruptions and problems that usually appear along the way.
The error persists even when people know from experience that earlier tasks ran late. One explanation is that each new task seems special, with its own good reasons why this time will go better. Another is that estimating is done early, when enthusiasm is high and the difficulties are not yet visible.
Researchers who study large building projects suggest a remedy. Instead of estimating from the details of one project, planners should look at how long similar projects took in the past and start from that figure. This method does not remove surprises, but it keeps plans from depending on the best case.
The explanation in paragraph 2 that people think "this time will go better" suggests that people...

refuse to estimate the time needed before they begin a task

keep careful records of the time that earlier tasks required and use them to plan each new task

treat each new task as an exception instead of learning from past delays

ask experts to make their plans for every task they begin

avoid starting tasks that have taken a long time in the past and prefer easier tasks instead

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