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TOEFL ITP Preparation - Paket 03
TOEFL-ITP
TOEFL ITP - Reading Comprehension
122. Read the following passage, then answer the question below.
The earliest known writing did not begin as a way to record poetry or history. It began as accounting. Around 3300 BCE, in the Mesopotamian city of Uruk, administrators who managed grain, livestock, and textiles for the temple needed a reliable record of who owed what. At first they used small clay tokens in different shapes to represent goods. Over time, they began pressing the tokens into soft clay tablets, and eventually they dispensed with the tokens and drew the signs directly.
These early signs were pictures: a head of barley for grain, a bull's head for cattle. The system was cumbersome, however, because each new object required a new picture, and abstract ideas such as 'owe' or 'free' were difficult to draw. A crucial step came when scribes began to use signs for their sounds rather than their meanings, in the way a modern puzzle might use a picture of a bee and a leaf to spell 'belief'. This rebus principle allowed the system to represent names and verbs, and ultimately any spoken sentence.
By around 2500 BCE the signs had become abstract wedge-shaped marks pressed into the clay with a reed stylus, a form known as cuneiform, from the Latin for wedge. It was adopted to write several unrelated languages over the following two millennia, just as the Latin alphabet is used today for languages as different as English and Turkish.
Writing, then, was not invented in a single flash of inspiration. It emerged from practical needs and developed through many small adaptations, each solving a problem created by the one before. Historians therefore tend to put the word 'invention' in quotation marks when speaking of writing, because the process had no obvious beginning.
What did administrators in Uruk first use to record goods?
Jawaban: C
Pembahasan: Mereka mulai dengan token tanah liat berbentuk berbeda.
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