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TOEFL ITP Preparation - Paket 10
TOEFL-ITP
TOEFL ITP - Reading Comprehension
98. Read the following passage, then answer the question below.
For centuries, the southern edge of the world existed mostly in speculation. Ancient geographers insisted that a great southern landmass must balance the continents of the north, but no one had seen it. Captain James Cook crossed the Antarctic Circle in 1773 and again in 1774, yet pack ice turned him back, and he concluded that the world would gain nothing from any land beyond it. His verdict discouraged serious attempts for decades.
The next generation of explorers was driven less by profit than by prestige and curiosity. Between the 1890s and the 1910s, a series of expeditions pushed toward the continent's interior. Their equipment seems primitive today. Men hauled sledges across crevassed ice in wool and canvas, and they found their position by taking readings of the sun with a sextant, a technique that failed whenever clouds hid it. Several parties discovered how unforgiving the margin for error was. Roald Amundsen's Norwegian team reached the South Pole in December 1911, relying on dog teams and skis, skills honed in the Arctic. Robert Falcon Scott's party arrived about a month later, having hauled much of their load by hand, and all of them died on the return journey.
Historians still debate why the outcomes differed. Some emphasize luck, since Scott's team met unusually cold weather late in the season. Others stress preparation: Amundsen's team laid supply depots carefully and chose transport suited to the terrain. Later scholars have added that the two expeditions pursued different goals, for Scott's party also carried out extensive scientific work, including collecting fossil plants that helped support the theory that continents had once been joined.
The author describes the explorers' equipment in paragraph 2 in order to
Jawaban: D
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