116. Read the following passage, then answer the question below.
Mangrove forests grow along tropical and subtropical coastlines, in the zone where land and sea overlap. Their roots stand in salty water that would kill most plants, and the trees have evolved several ways of coping. Some species exclude salt at the roots, others store it in older leaves that are later shed, and others excrete it through glands, leaving visible crystals on the leaf surface. Many species send up pencil-like roots that rise above the mud and allow the submerged roots to take in oxygen, which is scarce in waterlogged soil.
The ecological importance of mangroves is out of proportion to their area. The tangled roots slow the movement of water and trap sediment, building up land and protecting the shore from erosion. After the 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami, some studies reported that villages behind dense mangroves suffered less damage than those without, though other researchers cautioned that the effect depends on the size of the wave and the width of the forest, so mangroves cannot be expected to stop a major tsunami. The roots also serve as nurseries for juvenile fish and crabs, many of which later move to coral reefs or open water to be caught commercially. Mangrove soils store large quantities of carbon, in some cases several times more per hectare than upland forests.
Despite this value, mangroves have been cleared extensively, mainly for shrimp farms, agriculture, and development. Estimates suggest that a substantial share of the world's mangrove area has vanished since 1980. Restoration projects have had mixed success; those that simply plant seedlings on unsuitable mudflats often fail, while projects that restore the natural flow of tides tend to allow mangroves to regrow by themselves.
Which of the following is NOT mentioned as a benefit of mangrove forests?
Jawaban: D
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