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TOEFL ITP Preparation - Paket 01
TOEFL-ITP
TOEFL ITP - Reading Comprehension
124. Read the following passage, then answer the question below.
Unlike wind and sunlight, tides are predictable centuries in advance, a quality that makes tidal energy attractive to engineers. The first large tidal station, built in France in 1966, still operates today. It works much like a hydroelectric dam: a barrage across an estuary traps water at high tide, then releases it through turbines as the tide falls. Despite this long record, tidal barrages remain rare, and the reason is largely environmental. By blocking the flow of an estuary, a barrage alters the movement of sediment and the salinity of the water, which can damage the wetlands where migratory birds feed.
A newer approach avoids these problems. Tidal stream turbines resemble underwater wind turbines and are placed on the seabed where currents run fast. They do not block the estuary and cause less disruption to sediment, yet they have drawbacks of their own. Salt water corrodes metal, marine growth clogs moving parts, and maintenance requires divers or specialized vessels, all of which raise costs. A pilot array off the coast of Scotland has generated electricity for homes since 2016, but its price per unit remains well above that of offshore wind.
Supporters argue that cost is a poor reason to dismiss the technology, pointing out that wind power was once equally expensive. Skeptics reply that wind benefited from a vast global market in which manufacturers could cut prices through mass production, while tidal turbines suit only a small number of sites. Both sides agree, however, that predictability has a value that does not appear in the price list: a grid that can count on tidal output in advance needs fewer backup plants to fill the gaps left by weather.
The phrase 'all of which' in the second paragraph refers to
Jawaban: C
Pembahasan: All of which merujuk pada kesulitan korosi, pertumbuhan biota laut, dan perawatan.
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